discuss Science & Technology news & discussion

Cannuck said:

Defining Lyfe in the Universe: From Three Privileged Functions to Four Pillars

"Motivated by the need to paint a more general picture of what life is—and could be—with respect to the rest of the phenomena of the universe, we propose a new vocabulary for astrobiological research. Lyfe is defined as any system that fulfills all four processes of the living state, namely: dissipation, autocatalysis, homeostasis, and learning. Life is defined as the instance of lyfe that we are familiar with on Earth, one that uses a specific organometallic molecular toolbox to record information about its environment and achieve dynamical order by dissipating certain planetary disequilibria."

They suggest four criteria for lyfe:

1. It draws on energy sources in its environment that keep it from becoming uniform and unchanging.
2. It grows exponentially (for example by replication).
3. It can regulate itself to stay stable in a changing environment.
4. It learns and remembers information about that environment. Darwinian evolution is an example of such learning over very long timescales: genes preserve useful adaptations to particular circumstances.

https://www.mdpi.com/life/life-10-00042/article_deploy/html/images/life-10-00042-g001-550.jpg

https://www.mdpi.com/life/life-10-00042/article_deploy/html/images/life-10-00042-g004-550.jpg

Bartlett, S.; Wong, M.L. Defining Lyfe in the Universe: From Three Privileged Functions to Four Pillars. Life 2020, 10, 42.

https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/10/4/42

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This is interesting defining Lyfe as any system that fulfills all four processes of the living state, namely: dissipation, autocatalysis, homeostasis, and learning.

Sutruk said:

Thanks. Yes, in fact I did read the most of those articles before you posted them, while I was searching for this new vaccine technology.

As one of them says "their high potency, capacity for rapid development and potential for low-cost manufacture and safe administration."

The key discovery in the development of this technology was in 2005:

https://www.businessinsider.com/mrna-vaccine-pfizer-moderna-coronavirus-2020-12

BioNTech scientist Katalin Karikó risked her career to develop mRNA vaccines.

• 
  
  
  • Scientist Katalin Karikó struggled for years to convince colleagues that messenger RNA could have disease-fighting applications in humans.
  • In 2005, she found a way to configure mRNA so that it slipped past the body's natural defenses — a discovery that paved for the way for the world's first mRNA vaccines.
  • The COVID-19 vaccines from both Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna rely on this technology.
  • Pfizer's vaccine was authorized Friday for emergency use in the US.

"In a way, Karikó's entire career has been based on this kind of clever solution. In 2005, she discovered a way to configure messenger RNA — a molecule that kickstarts the production of proteins — so that it slipped past the body's natural defenses, unannounced."

"That paved the way for what has recently turned out to be one of modern science's greatest achievements: the world's first mRNA vaccines.

Karikó, now 65, oversees mRNA protein replacement at BioNTech, a German biotech firm that developed a coronavirus vaccine in partnership with US pharma giant Pfizer. That vaccine has now been authorized in the UK, Canada, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and the US. Karikó's work also inspired the founding of Moderna, the US biotech company developing a competing coronavirus shot."

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I certainly hope that Katalin Karikó is nominated for a Nobel in 2021.

koolishman said:

NASA is planning to deflect an asteroid from its orbit.

NASA's First Planetary Defense Mission Target Gets a New Name

Nearly two decades ago, a near-Earth asteroid was discovered to have a moon and the binary system was given the name “Didymos”—Greek for “twin,” a loose description of the larger main body and the smaller orbiting moon, which became unofficially known as Didymos B.

In 2022, that moon will be the target of NASA’s Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART), the first full-scale demonstration of an asteroid deflection technology for planetary defense. The DART spacecraft will execute a kinetic impact, deliberately crashing into the asteroid to change its motion in space. To mark this historic mission, Didymos B is getting an official name of its own: Dimorphos.

“Upon discovery, asteroids get a temporary name until we know their orbits well enough to know they won't be lost. Once the Didymos system was identified as the ideal target for the DART mission, we needed to formally distinguish between the main body and the satellite,” said Andy Rivkin, a research astronomer and DART investigation co-lead at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), which is building and managing the mission for NASA.


https://www.nasa.gov/planetarydefense

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I think this is an extremely important mission.

For decades there have been a minority bemoaning the money and resources spent by NASA and other space agencies. Demonstrating that this technology can be used to prevent an extinction event like an Earth impactor will prove definitively that it has been money well spent.

Which is the scientific event of 2020, with maximum impact on future of humanity?

I think one contender is DeepMind's AI predicting the protein structure to the width of an atom. I posted this on Dec 6th.

DeepMind’s protein-folding AI has solved a 50-year-old grand challenge of biology

AlphaFold can predict the shape of proteins to within the width of an atom. The breakthrough will help scientists design drugs and understand diseases.

Many drugs are designed by simulating their 3D molecular structure and looking for ways to slot these molecules into target proteins. Of course, this can only be done if the structure of those proteins is known. This is the case for only a quarter of the roughly 20,000 human proteins, says Thornton. That leaves 15,000 untapped drug targets. “AlphaFold will open up a new area of research.”

DeepMind says it plans to study leishmaniasis, sleeping sickness, and malaria, all tropical diseases caused by parasites, because they are linked to lots of unknown protein structures.

AI will revolutionize medicine.

I love Google surprises.

It's two hours until the new-year here in Sydney, and I just typed 'Sydney fireworks' into Google search and my browser spat confetti at me!

Is anyone else seeing the confetti?

CraigD said:

I love Google surprises.

It's two hours until the new-year here in Sydney, and I just typed 'Sydney fireworks' into Google search and my browser spat confetti at me!

Is anyone else seeing the confetti?

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Yes. Confetti for me too when typing "Sydney fireworks"!

I guess it is time to say,

Happy new year everyone!

May 2021 be personally fulfilling and professionally enriching!

koolishman said:

I guess it is time to say,

Happy new year everyone!

My 2021 be personally fulfilling and professionally enriching!

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I'm sitting at home on the computer because most of my family is in lockdown, we're not allowed gatherings over five people anywhere else in Sydney, I can't go to the fireworks because of restrictions AND it's raining outside.

LOL yes,

HAPPY NEW YEAR EVERYONE

koolishman said:

I guess it is time to say,

Happy new year everyone!

My 2021 be personally fulfilling and professionally enriching!

Click to expand...

CraigD said:

I'm sitting at home on the computer because most of my family is in lockdown, we're not allowed gatherings over five people anywhere else in Sydney, I can't go to the fireworks because of restrictions AND it's raining outside.

LOL yes,

HAPPY NEW YEAR EVERYONE

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Happy New Year to everyone!
Although due to pandemic restrictions, this new year celebration must be a more restricted one.
This new year coming will be a better year with vaccines to come to end this 1 in 100 years pandemic.
I wish the best to everyone and I also wish good education to everybody, read this thread and study whatever on a certified college, to be a more informed person, and don't fall into infinite ignorance.

CraigD said:

I certainly won't have an issue taking mRNA vaccines because as you have pointed out they are based on years of research.

... a rush of interim analyses from pharmaceutical companies Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech have spurred optimism that a novel type of vaccine made from messenger RNA, known as mRNA, can offer high levels of protection by preventing COVID-19 among people who are vaccinated.

Although unpublished, these preliminary reports have exceeded the expectations of many vaccine experts, including mine. Until early this year, I worked on developing vaccine candidates against Zika and dengue. Now I am coordinating an international effort to collect reports on adult patients with current or previous cancers who have also been diagnosed with COVID-19.

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CraigD said:

This is interesting defining Lyfe as any system that fulfills all four processes of the living state, namely: dissipation, autocatalysis, homeostasis, and learning.

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As the old saying goes, "You are what you eat." The same logic would apply to viruses and human evolution. I am not promoting any conspiracy theory, but remain somewhat skeptic about what we are injecting into our bodies, the conundrum being, what effect will Covid-19 and counter measures (ie. RNA/DNA vaccines) have on future generations?

Viruses Are a Primary Driver of Human Evolution
https://www.genengnews.com/news/viruses-are-a-primary-driver-of-human-evolution/

“We’re all interested in how it is that we and other organisms have evolved, and in the pressures that made us what we are,” Dr. Petrov stated. “The discovery that this constant battle with viruses has shaped us in every aspect—not just the few proteins that fight infections, but everything—is profound. All organisms have been living with viruses for billions of years; this work shows that those interactions have affected every part of the cell.”

Viruses: their extraordinary role in shaping human evolution
https://www.sciencefocus.com/the-human-body/virus-human-evolution/

"Around half of the human genome is made up of millions of DNA sequences that can be traced back to long-dead viruses or similar ‘jumping genes’, known collectively as transposable elements or transposons. Some researchers would even put this figure up at 80 per cent, as ancient sequences are now degraded beyond the point of being recognisably virus-like, weathered within the genome..."

Viruses play critical role in evolution and survival of the species
https://phys.org/news/2020-09-viruses-critical-role-evolution-survival.html

"Viruses, especially endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) that are an inherent part of mammalian biology, can dramatically influence gene expression, investigators report. ERVs are molecular remnants of retroviruses that infect the body and over time incorporate into the genome.

"What we learn from our study is that, in general, viruses have major roles in driving evolution," Namekawa explained. "In the long-term, viruses have positive impacts to our genome and shape evolution."

Cannuck said:

As the old saying goes, "You are what you eat." The same logic would apply to viruses and human evolution. I am not promoting any conspiracy theory, but remain somewhat skeptic about what we are injecting into our bodies, the conundrum being, what effect will Covid-19 and counter measures (ie. RNA/DNA vaccines) have on future generations?

Viruses Are a Primary Driver of Human Evolution
https://www.genengnews.com/news/viruses-are-a-primary-driver-of-human-evolution/

“We’re all interested in how it is that we and other organisms have evolved, and in the pressures that made us what we are,” Dr. Petrov stated. “The discovery that this constant battle with viruses has shaped us in every aspect—not just the few proteins that fight infections, but everything—is profound. All organisms have been living with viruses for billions of years; this work shows that those interactions have affected every part of the cell.”

Viruses: their extraordinary role in shaping human evolution
https://www.sciencefocus.com/the-human-body/virus-human-evolution/

"Around half of the human genome is made up of millions of DNA sequences that can be traced back to long-dead viruses or similar ‘jumping genes’, known collectively as transposable elements or transposons. Some researchers would even put this figure up at 80 per cent, as ancient sequences are now degraded beyond the point of being recognisably virus-like, weathered within the genome..."

Viruses play critical role in evolution and survival of the species
https://phys.org/news/2020-09-viruses-critical-role-evolution-survival.html

"Viruses, especially endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) that are an inherent part of mammalian biology, can dramatically influence gene expression, investigators report. ERVs are molecular remnants of retroviruses that infect the body and over time incorporate into the genome.

"What we learn from our study is that, in general, viruses have major roles in driving evolution," Namekawa explained. "In the long-term, viruses have positive impacts to our genome and shape evolution."

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You must differenciate between "...endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) that are an inherent part of mammalian biology" and dangerous external virus causing a an array of very dangerous diseases like covid-19, Smallpox, Chickenpox, Diphtheria, Measles, Polio, Tetanus, Hepatitis A-B, Rubella, etc.

mRNA vaccines change nothing on our body DNA, they just "build" and replicate "a part" of the spike protein of the virus, to make our immune system starting to produce antibodies and T-cells against this "spike protein" that is what covid-19 uses to join human cells, just that.
It is not even a inhibited virus, like traditional vaccines, so you don't have to worry about it.
And you don't have to worry about what effect mRNA vaccines have on "future generations" because it doesn't have any effect on your DNA and changes nothing on your body.
Again, it just replicates the "spike protein" of the virus, in order to make your body to start producing antibodies against that protein. It doesn't contain any virus, any dna, nothing. It just contain a the info of the spike protein, and that won't do nothing on your body.

Thanks to vaccines such as smallpox or polio, the lives of millions of people around the world have been saved. Vaccines are a very important column to improve our quality of life. Without vaccines and antibiotics, the average life span would be reduced to 35-40 years.

Diseases & the Vaccines that Prevent Them

https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/parents/diseases/index.html

"Thanks to vaccines, your child is protected from these diseases."

Sutruk said:

You must differenciate between "...endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) that are an inherent part of mammalian biology" and dangerous external virus causing a an array of very dangerous diseases like covid-19, Smallpox, Chickenpox, Diphtheria, Measles, Polio, Tetanus, Hepatitis A-B, Rubella, etc.

nRNA vaccines change nothing on our body DNA, they just "build" and replicate "a part" of the spike protein of the virus, to make our immune system starting to produce antibodies and T-cells against this "spike protein" that is what covid-19 uses to join human cells, just that.
It is not even a inhibited virus, like traditional vaccines, so you don't have to worry about it.
And you don't have to worry about what effect mRNA vaccines have on "future generations" because it doesn't have any effect on your DNA and changes nothing on your body.
Again, it just replicate the "spike protein" of the virus, in order to make your body to start producing antibodies against that protein. It doesn't contain any virus, any dna, nothing. It just contain a the info of the spike protein, and that won't do nothing on your body.

Thanks to vaccines such as smallpox or polio, the lives of millions of people around the world have been saved. Vaccines are a very important column to improve our quality of life. Without vaccines and antibiotics, the average life span would be reduced to 35-40 years.

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Thanks for the info, at least it is somewhat reassuring to have a more educated understanding - that ought to be more prevalent in the media for public consumption. Not being a virologist myself, I admit I am not schooled in viral taxonomy, however am familiar with the method of the BioNTech/Moderna vaccines method of using the preventative spike protein replication (from following posts in the Covid thread ). I suppose any new technology comes with some doubt and hesitancy.

https://www.popularmechanics.com/sc...what-is-mrna-covid-19-vaccine-pfizer-moderna/

In any case, I wish all a safe and resolute New Year!

Cannuck said:

Thanks for the info, at least it is somewhat reassuring to have a more educated understanding - that ought to be more prevalent in the media for public consumption. Not being a virologist myself, I admit I am not schooled in viral taxonomy, however am familiar with the method of the BioNTech/Moderna vaccines method of using the preventative spike protein replication (from following posts in the Covid thread ). I suppose any new technology comes with some doubt and hesitancy.

https://www.popularmechanics.com/sc...what-is-mrna-covid-19-vaccine-pfizer-moderna/

In any case, I wish all a safe and resolute New Year!

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I totally agree with you that this information should be more prevalent in the media for public consumption. Education and knowledge is the only way to educate people so they can be informed and more confident on what they do.
Never before, in human history, we have had such an amazing knowledge to be able to treat and cure so many diseases like we have now.
I can assure you that you can believe in what most of respected doctors and scientists like virologists say nowadays.
But you can learn for yourself, from books (real microbiology or biology books) to the latest scientific news, studies and clinical trials, published on respected publications.

Cannuck said:

As the old saying goes, "You are what you eat." The same logic would apply to viruses and human evolution. I am not promoting any conspiracy theory, but remain somewhat skeptic about what we are injecting into our bodies, the conundrum being, what effect will Covid-19 and counter measures (ie. RNA/DNA vaccines) have on future generations?

Viruses Are a Primary Driver of Human Evolution
https://www.genengnews.com/news/viruses-are-a-primary-driver-of-human-evolution/

“We’re all interested in how it is that we and other organisms have evolved, and in the pressures that made us what we are,” Dr. Petrov stated. “The discovery that this constant battle with viruses has shaped us in every aspect—not just the few proteins that fight infections, but everything—is profound. All organisms have been living with viruses for billions of years; this work shows that those interactions have affected every part of the cell.”

Viruses: their extraordinary role in shaping human evolution
https://www.sciencefocus.com/the-human-body/virus-human-evolution/

"Around half of the human genome is made up of millions of DNA sequences that can be traced back to long-dead viruses or similar ‘jumping genes’, known collectively as transposable elements or transposons. Some researchers would even put this figure up at 80 per cent, as ancient sequences are now degraded beyond the point of being recognisably virus-like, weathered within the genome..."

Viruses play critical role in evolution and survival of the species
https://phys.org/news/2020-09-viruses-critical-role-evolution-survival.html

"Viruses, especially endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) that are an inherent part of mammalian biology, can dramatically influence gene expression, investigators report. ERVs are molecular remnants of retroviruses that infect the body and over time incorporate into the genome.

"What we learn from our study is that, in general, viruses have major roles in driving evolution," Namekawa explained. "In the long-term, viruses have positive impacts to our genome and shape evolution."

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Aren't you the least bit interested in discovering what super power you will end up with?

CraigD said:

Aren't you the least bit interested in discovering what super power you will end up with?

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LOL, funny, I just don't want to be stripped of any superpowers which I may currently possess I know there are other threads on the subject that I have also been following, but here are a few talking points which I would like to address.

As an essential worker in a remote area, I'd likely be eligible to receive the vaccine in the near future, but my concern is, are we the guinea pigs? Also, side-effects due to mishandling during shipping and storage. Another other concern I have is, will future vaccines be more effective for mutated strains, and will there be any contraindications between taking the vaccine now vs down the road? Furthermore, unknown is what they put into the new vaccines re: CRISPR technology.

“Seeing the tragic impact of Covid-19... we felt that we could use the high-throughput CRISPR gene editing tools that we have applied to other diseases to understand what are the key human genes required by the SARS-CoV-2 virus,” said Dr. Sanjana. As he explained, “current treatments for SARS-CoV-2 infection currently go after the virus itself, but this study offers a better understanding of how host genes influence viral entry and will enable new avenues for therapeutic discovery.”

https://www.cnbc.com/2020/11/20/cri...ntified-genes-that-protect-against-covid.html

Cannuck said:

are we the guinea pigs?

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No. Here you have a fresh released clinical trial results from Pfizer vaccine, from 43,548 participants, as of Dec 31, 2020.

Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine

https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2034577

Methods

In an ongoing multinational, placebo-controlled, observer-blinded, pivotal efficacy trial, we randomly assigned persons 16 years of age or older in a 1:1 ratio to receive two doses, 21 days apart, of either placebo or the BNT162b2 vaccine candidate (30 μg per dose). BNT162b2 is a lipid nanoparticle–formulated, nucleoside-modified RNA vaccine that encodes a prefusion stabilized, membrane-anchored SARS-CoV-2 full-length spike protein. The primary end points were efficacy of the vaccine against laboratory-confirmed Covid-19 and safety.

Results

A total of 43,548 participants underwent randomization, of whom 43,448 received injections: 21,720 with BNT162b2 and 21,728 with placebo. There were 8 cases of Covid-19 with onset at least 7 days after the second dose among participants assigned to receive BNT162b2 and 162 cases among those assigned to placebo; BNT162b2 was 95% effective in preventing Covid-19 (95% credible interval, 90.3 to 97.6). Similar vaccine efficacy (generally 90 to 100%) was observed across subgroups defined by age, sex, race, ethnicity, baseline body-mass index, and the presence of coexisting conditions. Among 10 cases of severe Covid-19 with onset after the first dose, 9 occurred in placebo recipients and 1 in a BNT162b2 recipient. The safety profile of BNT162b2 was characterized by short-term, mild-to-moderate pain at the injection site, fatigue, and headache. The incidence of serious adverse events was low and was similar in the vaccine and placebo groups.

Conclusions

A two-dose regimen of BNT162b2 conferred 95% protection against Covid-19 in persons 16 years of age or older. Safety over a median of 2 months was similar to that of other viral vaccines. (Funded by BioNTech and Pfizer; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04368728. opens in new tab.)

Cannuck said:

side-effects due to mishandling during shipping and storage.

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If the vaccine gets warmed for too many days it won't be effective. The mRNA needs to be kept at a -70 to -80 degree celsius.

Why staying cold is so important to a Covid-19 vaccine

https://www.vox.com/21552934/moderna-pfizer-covid-19-vaccine-biontech-coronavirus-cold-chain

"Once a clinic receives a vaccine shipment, health workers can thaw out the vials in a refrigerator as they prepare to give injections to patients. But once a vaccine is warmed up, it’s only viable for a few days."

Cannuck said:

will future vaccines be more effective for mutated strains

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The mRNA vaccines are ideal to fight new mutated virus, because they are very easy and fast to produce, and with a very high specificity to target every part you want of the virus.

As the BioNTech CEO says: "If the vaccine needed to be adjusted for the new variant, the company could do that in about six weeks, Şahin said."

Covid vaccine 'highly likely' to work on UK variant, BioNTech says

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2...kely-to-work-on-uk-variant-biontech-boss-says

"Chief executive Uğur Şahin says team will know within two weeks if vaccine works or needs adaption"

“We don’t know at the moment if our vaccine is also able to provide protection against this new variant,” Şahin said, a day after the vaccine was approved for use in the European Union. “But scientifically, it is highly likely that the immune response by this vaccine also can deal with the new virus variants.”

...he said the proteins on the UK variant were 99% the same as those on the prevailing strains, and therefore BioNTech had “scientific confidence” its vaccine would be effective. “We believe there is no reason to be concerned or worried,” he said.

If the vaccine needed to be adjusted for the new variant, the company could do that in about six weeks, Şahin said.

“In principle, the beauty of the messenger technology is that we can directly start to engineer a vaccine which completely mimics this new mutation – we could be able to provide a new vaccine technically within six weeks,” he said.

https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma...aunch-tests-vaccines-against-mutated-covid-19

“One of the reasons Pfizer and BioNTech chose to utilize a mRNA platform is because of the potential for the flexibility of the technology in comparison to traditional vaccine technologies,” including the ability to change the RNA sequence in the vaccine, should a strain emerge that’s not covered by the current shot,” Pfizer added."

koolishman said:

May 2021 be personally fulfilling and professionally enriching!

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Some 'essentials' for moving forward well. (Desiderata ~ Essential things)

A Good New Year to you all.

(Could only find this in its ad form.)

Cal2 said:

Some 'essentials' for moving forward well. (Desiderata ~ Essential things)

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Hearing this after a long time.

Thank you.

Desalination Breakthrough Could Lead to Cheaper Water Filtration

Producing clean water at a lower cost could be on the horizon after researchers from The University of Texas at Austin and Penn State solved a complex problem that had baffled scientists for decades, until now.

Desalination membranes remove salt and other chemicals from water, a process critical to the health of society, cleaning billions of gallons of water for agriculture, energy production and drinking. The idea seems simple — push salty water through and clean water comes out the other side — but it contains complex intricacies that scientists are still trying to understand.

The research team, in partnership with DuPont Water Solutions, solved an important aspect of this mystery, opening the door to reduce costs of clean water production. The researchers determined desalination membranes are inconsistent in density and mass distribution, which can hold back their performance. Uniform density at the nanoscale is the key to increasing how much clean water these membranes can create.

The paper documents an increase in efficiency in the membranes tested by 30%-40%, meaning they can clean more water while using significantly less energy. That could lead to increased access to clean water and lower water bills for individual homes and large users alike.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abb8518

Cannuck said:

LOL, funny, I just don't want to be stripped of any superpowers which I may currently possess I know there are other threads on the subject that I have also been following, but here are a few talking points which I would like to address.

As an essential worker in a remote area, I'd likely be eligible to receive the vaccine in the near future, but my concern is, are we the guinea pigs? Also, side-effects due to mishandling during shipping and storage. Another other concern I have is, will future vaccines be more effective for mutated strains, and will there be any contraindications between taking the vaccine now vs down the road? Furthermore, unknown is what they put into the new vaccines re: CRISPR technology.

“Seeing the tragic impact of Covid-19... we felt that we could use the high-throughput CRISPR gene editing tools that we have applied to other diseases to understand what are the key human genes required by the SARS-CoV-2 virus,” said Dr. Sanjana. As he explained, “current treatments for SARS-CoV-2 infection currently go after the virus itself, but this study offers a better understanding of how host genes influence viral entry and will enable new avenues for therapeutic discovery.”

https://www.cnbc.com/2020/11/20/cri...ntified-genes-that-protect-against-covid.html

Click to expand...

Interesting that you should enquire about the storage/ mishandling of the vaccine, because this news article was published today:

Pharmacist Arrested, Accused Of Destroying More Than 500 Moderna Vaccine Doses : NPR

Grafton police detectives reported 57 patients received those injections. Bahr said those vaccines were rendered potentially less effective or altogether ineffective. The patients, who have been notified, are not at any risk of adverse health effects because the doses were left out, he noted.